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含油(you)(you)廢水主要(yao)來源(yuan)于石(shi)油(you)(you)、石(shi)油(you)(you)化工(gong)、鋼鐵、焦(jiao)化、煤氣發生站、機械加工(gong)等工(gong)業部(bu)門。廢水中油(you)(you)類污(wu)染(ran)物質，除重(zhong)焦(jiao)油(you)(you)的(de)相對(dui)密(mi)度(du)為1．1以上外，其余的(de)相對(dui)密(mi)度(du)都小于1。

油類物質在廢水中通(tong)常(chang)以(yi)以(yi)下幾種狀態存在。

(1)浮上油(you)，油(you)滴粒(li)(li)徑大于(yu)15μm，易(yi)于(yu)從廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)分(fen)離(li)出來。油(you)品在廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)分(fen)散的顆粒(li)(li)較大，粒(li)(li)徑大于(yu)100微米,易(yi)于(yu)從廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)分(fen)離(li)出來。在石油(you)污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)，這種油(you)占水(shui)中(zhong)總(zong)含油(you)量(liang)60～80%。

(2)分散油(you)．油(you)滴(di)粒徑大于1μm，懸浮于水中(zhong)。

(3)乳化油(you)(you)，油(you)(you)滴(di)粒徑小(xiao)于1μm，油(you)(you)品在廢(fei)(fei)水中分(fen)(fen)散的粒徑很小(xiao)，呈乳化狀態，不易從(cong)廢(fei)(fei)水中分(fen)(fen)離(li)出來。

(4)溶解(jie)油，油類溶解(jie)于水中(zhong)的(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。

含(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所含(han)的(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)類物(wu)質，包括天然(ran)石油(you)(you)(you)(you)、石油(you)(you)(you)(you)產(chan)品、焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)及其分餾物(wu)，以及食用(yong)(yong)動植物(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)脂肪類。從對水(shui)(shui)(shui)體的(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)來說，主要是(shi)(shi)石油(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)。由于不同(tong)工業部門排出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)濃度差(cha)異很大，如煉油(you)(you)(you)(you)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)生廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，含(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)約為(wei)150一(yi)(yi)(yi)1000mg/L，焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)含(han)量(liang)約為(wei)500一(yi)(yi)(yi)800mg/L，煤(mei)氣(qi)發生站排出(chu)(chu)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)含(han)量(liang)可達(da)2000一(yi)(yi)(yi)3000mg/L。因此(ci)，含(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)理應首先(xian)利用(yong)(yong)隔油(you)(you)(you)(you)池，回收浮油(you)(you)(you)(you)或(huo)重油(you)(you)(you)(you)，處理效(xiao)率(lv)為(wei)60%一(yi)(yi)(yi)80%，出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)約為(wei)100一(yi)(yi)(yi)200mg/L；廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)分散(san)油(you)(you)(you)(you)較難處理，故應防(fang)止或(huo)減輕乳(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)現象。方法之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，是(shi)(shi)在生產(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)注(zhu)意減輕廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)；其二，是(shi)(shi)在處理過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，盡(jin)量(liang)減少用(yong)(yong)泵(beng)提升廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)次(ci)數、以免增加(jia)乳(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)程度。處理方法通常采用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)浮法和(he)破乳(ru)法。

含油廢水如果不加以回收處(chu)理(li)，會(hui)(hui)造成浪(lang)費；排入河(he)流(liu)、湖泊或(huo)海灣,會(hui)(hui)污染(ran)水體,影響水生(sheng)生(sheng)物生(sheng)存(cun)；用于(yu)農業灌溉(gai)，則會(hui)(hui)堵塞(sai)土(tu)壤空隙，妨礙農作物生(sheng)長。

含油(you)廢水(shui)的處(chu)理應首(shou)先(xian)考(kao)慮回收油(you)類物質，并充分(fen)利用經過處(chu)理的水(shui)資源。因此，含油(you)廢水(shui)的處(chu)理可首(shou)先(xian)利用隔油(you)池，回收浮油(you)或重油(you)。隔油(you)池適用于分(fen)離廢水(shui)中(zhong)顆粒(li)較大的油(you)品，處(chu)理效率為60～80%，出水(shui)中(zhong)含油(you)量約為100～200毫(hao)克/升。廢水(shui)中(zhong)的細小油(you)珠和乳化油(you)則(ze)很難去除。