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含油(you)(you)(you)(you)廢水主要來源于石油(you)(you)(you)(you)、石油(you)(you)(you)(you)化工(gong)、鋼鐵、焦(jiao)化、煤氣發生站、機械加工(gong)等(deng)工(gong)業部門。廢水中油(you)(you)(you)(you)類污(wu)染物質，除重(zhong)焦(jiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)相(xiang)對(dui)密(mi)度為(wei)1．1以上外，其余的(de)相(xiang)對(dui)密(mi)度都(dou)小于1。

油類物質在(zai)廢水中(zhong)通常以以下幾種(zhong)狀態存在(zai)。

(1)浮上油(you)(you)(you)(you)，油(you)(you)(you)(you)滴粒(li)徑(jing)大于15μm，易(yi)(yi)于從(cong)廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)分離出來。油(you)(you)(you)(you)品在廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)分散的顆粒(li)較大，粒(li)徑(jing)大于100微米,易(yi)(yi)于從(cong)廢(fei)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)分離出來。在石油(you)(you)(you)(you)污水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)，這種(zhong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)占水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)總含(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)量60～80%。

(2)分(fen)散油(you)．油(you)滴粒徑大于1μm，懸浮于水中。

(3)乳化油，油滴粒徑小于1μm，油品在廢(fei)水(shui)中分散的粒徑很小，呈(cheng)乳化狀(zhuang)態，不易從廢(fei)水(shui)中分離出來。

(4)溶(rong)解油，油類(lei)溶(rong)解于水中的狀(zhuang)態。

含油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)所含的(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)類(lei)物質(zhi)，包括天然(ran)石油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、石油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)產(chan)品、焦(jiao)(jiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)及(ji)其(qi)分餾物，以(yi)(yi)及(ji)食用動植物油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和脂肪類(lei)。從對水(shui)(shui)體的(de)(de)(de)污染來說，主要(yao)是石油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和焦(jiao)(jiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)。由于不同工業(ye)部門(men)排出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)含油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)濃度(du)差異(yi)很大，如煉油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)過程(cheng)中(zhong)產(chan)生廢水(shui)(shui)，含油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)(liang)約為(wei)150一(yi)1000mg/L，焦(jiao)(jiao)化廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)焦(jiao)(jiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)含量(liang)(liang)約為(wei)500一(yi)800mg/L，煤氣發生站排出(chu)(chu)廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)焦(jiao)(jiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)含量(liang)(liang)可達2000一(yi)3000mg/L。因此，含油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)廢水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)治理(li)應首先利用隔油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)池，回收(shou)浮(fu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)或重油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，處理(li)效率為(wei)60%一(yi)80%，出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)含油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)(liang)約為(wei)100一(yi)200mg/L；廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)化油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和分散油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較難處理(li)，故應防止或減(jian)輕(qing)乳(ru)化現象。方法(fa)之一(yi)，是在(zai)生產(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)注意減(jian)輕(qing)廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)化；其(qi)二，是在(zai)處理(li)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，盡量(liang)(liang)減(jian)少用泵提升廢水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)次數、以(yi)(yi)免增加乳(ru)化程(cheng)度(du)。處理(li)方法(fa)通常采用氣浮(fu)法(fa)和破乳(ru)法(fa)。

含油廢水如果不加以回收處理(li)，會造成浪費(fei)；排入河流(liu)、湖(hu)泊或海灣,會污染水體,影響水生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)存；用于農(nong)業灌溉，則會堵塞(sai)土壤空(kong)隙，妨礙農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。

含油(you)(you)(you)(you)廢水(shui)(shui)的處理(li)應首先(xian)考慮(lv)回收油(you)(you)(you)(you)類物質，并(bing)充分利用(yong)經(jing)過處理(li)的水(shui)(shui)資源。因(yin)此，含油(you)(you)(you)(you)廢水(shui)(shui)的處理(li)可首先(xian)利用(yong)隔油(you)(you)(you)(you)池(chi)，回收浮油(you)(you)(you)(you)或(huo)重油(you)(you)(you)(you)。隔油(you)(you)(you)(you)池(chi)適(shi)用(yong)于分離廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)顆粒(li)較(jiao)大(da)的油(you)(you)(you)(you)品，處理(li)效率為60～80%，出水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)含油(you)(you)(you)(you)量約為100～200毫克(ke)/升(sheng)。廢水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的細小油(you)(you)(you)(you)珠和(he)乳化油(you)(you)(you)(you)則(ze)很難去除。